Intermediate transfer member

ABSTRACT

An intermediate transfer member (ITM) for use with a printing system, the ITM having (a) a support layer; and (b) a release layer having an ink reception surface and a second surface opposing the ink reception surface, the second surface attached to the support layer, the release layer formed of an addition-cured, hydrophobic silicone material, wherein the release surface of the release layer has relatively hydrophilic properties with respect to the addition-cured, hydrophobic silicone material.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No.17/088,257 filed on Nov. 3, 2020 which is a continuation of U.S.application Ser. No. 16/303,615. U.S. application Ser. No. 16/303,615 isa national phase of PCT/IB2017/053167 which was filed on May 30, 2017and which is incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposesas if fully set forth herein. PCT/IB2017/053167 draws priority from U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/343,108, and fromGB1609463.3, both filed May 30, 2016, both of which are incorporated byreference in their entireties for all purposes as if fully set forthherein.

FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The invention relates to the field of printing and, more particularly,to intermediate transfer members of printing systems.

BACKGROUND

In the art of indirect printing it is known to apply an ink, in the formof a negative of a desired image, to an intermediate transfer member(ITM), and then to transfer the ink from the intermediate transfercomponent to a printing substrate such as paper, cloth or plastic,thereby printing the desired image on the substrate.

The ITM is typically a sleeve mounted on a drum or a looped blanketforming a flexible belt on a conveyor system. The outermost layer of theITM, to which the ink is applied and from which the ink is released toprint the image on the substrate, is called the release layer.

Blankets suitable as intermediate transfer members require certainstructural characteristics to make them suitable for the type of inktransfer envisioned and for the printing systems in which they areintended to operate. The desired properties of the blanket are generallyachieved by using multi-layered structures in which the release layermay be a silicone-based polymer having suitable ink attachment andrelease properties, and in which the blanket base includes at least onelayer adapted to support the release layer.

A printing cycle, known in the art of indirect printing, may include thefollowing steps:

-   -   (a) applying one or more inks, (each ink including a coloring        agent in a liquid carrier) as a plurality of ink droplets to        form an ink image on the image transfer surface of a release        layer of an intermediate transfer member;    -   (b) while the ink image is being transported by the intermediate        transfer member, effecting at least partial evaporation of the        carrier to leave an ink residue film including the coloring        agents on the image transfer surfaces; and    -   (c) transferring the residue film from the image transfer        surface to the printing substrate.

The inks may be applied to the image transfer surface by ink-jetting,typically at a printing station. The residue film obtained may betransferred from the image transfer surface to the substrate at animpression station, by engaging the intermediate transfer member with animpression cylinder.

For various reasons, it is desirable to use ink compositions including awater-based carrier rather than an organic carrier. ITM release layershaving characteristically low surface energies are advantageous in thatthey may facilitate transfer of the dried ink image to the printingsubstrate. However, during the ink reception stage, the aqueous inkdrops jetted onto such a low-energy, hydrophobic release layer tend tobead after the initial impact, thereby compromising image quality.Higher-energy, less hydrophobic release layers may mitigate this effect,but are detrimental to image transfer quality. In addition, the processmust contend with various issues pertaining to untransferred inkremaining on the release layer surface. In high-speed, high-throughputdigital printing systems, these problems become even more acute.

As described in WO 2013/132418, the ITM may be required to have severalspecific physical properties that may be achieved by having a complexmulti-layer structure. Generally, the ITM includes a support layer,typically including a fabric, the support layer having a very limitedelasticity to avoid deformation of an image during transport to animpression station. The ITM may additionally have a highly compliantthin layer immediately beneath the release later to enable the tackyfilm to closely follow the surface contour of the substrate. The ITM mayinclude other layers to achieve the various desired frictional, thermal,and electrical properties of the ITM.

Due to a well-defined structure and shape, toughness anddeformation-resistance, the support layer is used as the starting pointwhen making an ITM. Specifically, manufacture of an ITM is performed byproviding a support layer to which additional desired layers are addedto construct the desired multi-layer structure. Typically, the differentlayers of the ITM are applied as a curable fluid.

The release layer having the ink transfer surface of the ITM is the lastand uppermost layer that is applied and formed. The inventors haveobserved that the topography, contour and even surface finish of the inktransfer surface may be determined to a large extent by the contour ofthe surface of the penultimate layer to which the incipient releaselayer is applied. For this reason, it has proven difficult tomanufacture an ITM having a defect-free ink transfer surface with adesired surface finish. The inventors have found that such defects mayappreciably detract, in various ways, from release layer performance, aproblem particularly aggravated when significant length, width andsurfaces of ITM are desired.

More significantly, the inventors have recognized the need for improvedrelease layers that are better adapted to deal with the contradictorytasks pertaining to the aqueous ink reception stage, requiringhydrophilic properties, and the ink-film transfer stage, requiringhydrophobic properties.

SUMMARY

According to some aspects of the invention, there is provided anintermediate transfer member (ITM) for use with a printing system, theITM including:

-   -   (a) a support layer; and    -   (b) a release layer having an ink reception surface for        receiving an ink image, and a second surface opposing the ink        reception surface, the second surface attached to the support        layer, the release layer formed of an addition-cured silicone        material, the release layer having a thickness of at most 500        micrometers (μm).

According to features in the described preferred embodiments, the ITMsatisfies at least one, and as many as all, of the following structuralproperties:

(1) a total surface energy of the ink reception surface is at least 2J/m2, at least 3 J/m2, at least 4 J/m2, at least 5 J/m2, at least 6J/m2, at least 8 J/m2, or at least 10 J/m2 higher than a total surfaceenergy of a modified ink reception surface produced by subjecting an inkreception surface of a corresponding release layer to a standard agingprocedure;(2) a total surface energy of the ink reception surface is at least 4J/m2, at least 6 J/m2, at least 8 J/m2, at least 10 J/m2, at least 12J/m2, at least 14 J/m2, or at least 16 J/m2 than a total surface energyof a hydrophobic ink reception surface of a corresponding release layerprepared by standard air curing of a silicone precursor of the curedsilicone material;(3) a receding contact angle of a droplet of distilled water on the inkreception surface is at least 7°, at least 8°, at least 10°, at least12°, at least 14°, at least 16°, at least 18°, or at least 20° lowerthan a receding contact angle of a droplet of distilled water on an inkreception surface of a corresponding release layer prepared by standardair curing of a silicone precursor of the cured silicone material;(4) a receding contact angle of a droplet of distilled water on the inkreception surface is at least 5°, at least 6°, at least 7°, or at least8° lower than a receding contact angle of a droplet of distilled wateron an aged surface, produced by subjecting the ink reception surface toa standard aging procedure;(5) a surface hydrophobicity of the ink reception surface is less than abulk hydrophobicity of the cured silicone material within the releaselayer, the surface hydrophobicity being characterized by a recedingcontact angle of a droplet of distilled water on the ink receptionsurface, the bulk hydrophobicity being characterized by a recedingcontact angle of a droplet of distilled water disposed on an innersurface formed by exposing an area of the cured silicone material withinthe release layer to form an exposed area;wherein the receding contact angle measured on the ink reception surfaceis at least 7°, at least 8°, at least 10°, at least 12°, at least 14°,at least 16°, at least 18°, or at least 20° lower than the recedingcontact angle measured on the exposed area;(6) a receding contact angle of a droplet of distilled water on the inkreception surface is at most 60°, at most 58°, at most 56°, at most 54°,at most 52°, at most 50°, at most 48°, at most 46°, at most 44°, at most42°, at most 40°, at most 38°, or at most 36°;(7) the release layer is adapted such that polar groups of the inkreception surface have an orientation away from or opposite from thesecond surface;(8) the release layer is adapted such that when the ITM is in anoperative mode, with said ink reception surface exposed to an ambientenvironment, said polar groups of the ink reception surface have anorientation towards or facing said ambient environment;(9) the ink reception surface is adapted whereby, for a droplet ofdistilled water deposited on the ink reception surface, a differencebetween a 70 second dynamic contact angle (DCA) and a 10 second DCA, isat least 6°, at least 7°, at least 8°, at least 10°, or at least 12°,optionally at most 25°, at most 22°, at most 20°, at most 18°, or atmost 17°, and further optionally, within a range of 6 to 25°, 6 to 22°,6 to 20°, 6 to 18°, 6 to 17°, 7 to 25°, 7 to 20°, 7 to 17°, 8 to 25°, 8to 22°, 18 to 20°, 8 to 18°, 8 to 17°, 10 to 25°, 10 to 22°, 10 to 20°,10 to 18°, or 10 to 17°;(10) for a droplet of distilled water deposited on said ink receptionsurface, the 70 second DCA is at most 92°, at most 90°, at most 88°, atmost 85°, at most 82°, at most 80°, at most 78°, at most 76°, at most74°, or at most 72°, optionally at least 55°, at least 60°, at least65°, or at least 68°, and further optionally, within a range of 55 to92°, 55 to 90°, 55 to 85°, 55 to 80°, 65 to 92°, 65 to 90°, 65 to 85°,65 to 80°, 68 to 85°, 68 to 80°, 70 to 92°, 70 to 90°, 70 to 85°, or 70to 80°;(11) for a droplet of distilled water deposited on said ink receptionsurface, the 10 second dynamic contact angle (DCA) is at most 108, atmost 106°, at most 103°, at most 100°, at most 96°, at most 92°, or atmost 88°, optionally at least 60°, at least 65°, at least 70°, at least75°, at least 78°, at least 80°, at least 82°, at least 84°, or at least86°, and further optionally, within a range of 60 to 108°, 65 to 105°,70 to 105°, 70 to 100°, 70 to 96°, 70 to 92°, 75 to 105°, 75 to 100°, 80to 105°, 80 to 100°, 85 to 105°, or 85 to 100°.

According to further features in the described preferred embodiments,the addition-cured silicone material consisting essentially of anaddition-cured silicone, or containing, by weight, at least 95%, atleast 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99% of theaddition-cured silicone.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, functional groups make up at most 5%, at most 3%, at most2%, or at most 1%, by weight, of the addition-cured silicone material,or the addition-cured silicone material is substantially devoid of thefunctional groups.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, a polyether glycol functionalized polydimethyl siloxane isimpregnated in the addition-cured silicone material.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, a polyether glycol functionalized siloxane is impregnatedin the addition-cured silicone material, but without forming a part of acovalent structure of the addition-cured silicone material.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the thickness of the release layer is at most 500 μm, atmost 200 μm, at most 100 μm, at most 50 μm, at most 25 μm, or at most 15μ, and optionally, within a range of 4 to 400 μm, 5 to 250 μm, 5 to 100μm, 5 to 60 μm, 8-100 μm, 10-100 μm, or 10-80 μm.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the thickness of the support layer is within a range ofabout 50-2700 μm, 50-1500 μm, 50-1000 μm, 100-1000 μm, 100-800 μm, or100-500 μm.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (1).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (2).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (3).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (4).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (5).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (6).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (7).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (8).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (9).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (10).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM satisfies structural property (11).

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM forms a component in a digital printing system.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the support layer includes an elastomeric compliance layerattached to the second surface of the release layer, the elastomericcompliance layer adapted to follow closely a surface contour of aprinting substrate onto which the ink image is impressed.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the support layer includes a reinforcement layer attachedto the compliance layer.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the release layer contains, within a silicone polymermatrix thereof, a total amount of at most 3%, at most 2%, at most 1%, atmost 0.5%, at most 0.2%, or substantially 0% of the functional groups,by weight.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the release layer contains, within a silicone polymermatrix thereof, a total amount of at most 3%, at most 2%, at most 1%, atmost 0.5%, at most 0.2%, or substantially 0%, by weight, of functionalgroups selected from the group of moieties consisting of C═O, S═O, O—H,and COO.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the release layer contains, within a silicone polymermatrix thereof, a total amount of at most 3%, at most 2%, at most 1%, atmost 0.5%, at most 0.2%, or substantially 0%, by weight, of functionalgroups selected from the group consisting of silane, alkoxy, amido, andamido-alkoxy moieties.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the release layer contains, within a silicone polymermatrix thereof, a total amount of at most 3%, at most 2%, at most 1%, atmost 0.5%, at most 0.2%, or substantially 0%, by weight, of functionalgroups selected from the group consisting of amine, ammonium, aldehyde,SO₂, SO₃, SO₄, PO₃, PO₄, and C—O—C moieties.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the addition-cured silicone material has a structure builtfrom a vinyl-functional silicone.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the addition-cured silicone material includes polar groupsof the “MQ” type.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the total surface energy of the ink reception surface isevaluated using the Owens-Wendt Surface Energy Model.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the polar groups include O—Si—O groups.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the orientation away from the second surface, or towardsthe ambient environment, is at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, atleast 70%, at least 75%, or at least 80% of the polar groups, on a molaror weight basis.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM has a length of up to 20 meters, and typically,within a range of 5-20, 5-15, 5-12, or 7-12 meters.

According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM has a width of up to 2.0 meters, and typically,within a range of 0.3-2.0, 0.75-2.0, 0.75-1.5, or 0.75-1.25 meters.According to still further features in the described preferredembodiments, the ITM has a thickness of up to 3000 μm, and typically,within a range of 200-3000, 200-1500, 300-1000, 300-800, 300-700,100-3000, 50-3000, or 100-600 μm.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which the invention pertains. In case of conflict, thespecification, including definitions, will take precedence.

As used herein, the term “intermediate transfer member”, “image transfermember” or “transfer member” refers to the component of a printingsystem upon which the ink is initially applied by the printing heads,for instance by inkjet heads, and from which the jetted image issubsequently transferred to another substrate or substrates, typically,the final printing substrates. As used herein, the term “blanket” refersto a flexible transfer member that can be mounted within a printingdevice on a drum, or can be a belt-like structure supported by two ormore rollers, at least one of which able to rotate and move the belt totravel around the rollers.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention is herein described, by way of example only, withreference to the accompanying drawings. With specific reference now tothe drawings in detail, it is stressed that the particulars shown are byway of example and for purposes of illustrative discussion of thepreferred embodiments of the present invention only, and are presentedin the cause of providing what is believed to be the most useful andreadily understood description of the principles and conceptual aspectsof the invention. In this regard, no attempt is made to show structuraldetails of the invention in more detail than is necessary for afundamental understanding of the invention, the description taken withthe drawings making apparent to those skilled in the art how the severalforms of the invention may be embodied in practice. Throughout thedrawings, like-referenced characters are used to designate likeelements.

In the drawings:

FIG. 1 schematically shows a section through a carrier;

FIGS. 2 to 6 schematically exhibit different stages in the manufactureof an ITM, according to the present method;

FIG. 7 is a section through a finished ITM after installation in aprinting system;

FIGS. 8A and 8B schematically illustrate a cross section through arelease layer prepared according to the prior art;

FIG. 8C schematically illustrates a cross section through a releaselayer prepared according to the present method;

FIGS. 9A to 9D schematically display an apparatus in which someembodiments of the present method can be implemented, differentmanufacturing stages being illustrated;

FIGS. 10A-10C are images of various ink patterns printed onto a releaselayer of an ITM of the present invention, in which the release layer wascured against a PET carrier surface; and

FIGS. 11A-11C are images of various ink patterns printed onto a releaselayer of an ITM of the prior art, in which the release layer was aircured.

DESCRIPTION

The principles and operation of the image transfer members according tothe present invention may be better understood with reference to thedrawings and the accompanying description.

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, itis to be understood that the invention is not limited in its applicationto the details of construction and the arrangement of the components setforth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. Theinvention is capable of other embodiments or of being practiced orcarried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that thephraseology and terminology employed herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting.

The ITM may be manufactured in the inventive manner described by FIGS.2-7 and in the description associated therewith. Such an ITM may beparticularly suitable for the Nanographic Printing™ technologies ofLanda Corporation.

With reference now to FIG. 1 , FIG. 1 schematically shows a sectionthrough a carrier 10. In all the drawings, to distinguish it from thelayers that form part of the finished article, the carrier 10 is shownas a solid black line. Carrier 10 has a carrier contact surface 12.

In some embodiments, carrier contact surface 12 may be a well-polishedflat surface having a roughness (Ra) of at most about 50 nm, at most 30nm, at most 20 m, at most 15 nm, at most 12 nm, or more typically, atmost 10 nm, at most 7 nm, or at most 5 nm. In some embodiments, carriercontact surface 12 may between 1 and 50 nm, between 3 and 25 nm, between3 and 20 nm, or between 5 nm and 20 nm.

The hydrophilic properties of the carrier contact surface 12 aredescribed hereinbelow.

In some embodiments, carrier 10 may be inflexible, being formed, forexample, of a sheet of glass or thick sheet of metal.

In some embodiments, carrier 10 may advantageously be formed of aflexible foil, such as a flexible foil mainly consisting of, orincluding, aluminum, nickel, and/or chromium. In one embodiment, thefoil is a sheet of aluminized PET (polyethylene terephthalate, apolyester), e.g., PET coated with fumed aluminum metal. The top coatingof aluminum may be protected by a polymeric coating, the sheet typicallyhaving a thickness of between 0.05 mm and 1.00 mm so as to remainflexible but difficult to bend through a small radius, so as to avertwrinkling.

In some embodiments, carrier 10 may advantageously be formed of anantistatic polymeric film, for example, a polyester film such as PET.The anti-static properties of the antistatic film may be achieved byvarious means known to those of skill in the art, including the additionof various additives (such as an ammonium salt) to the polymericcomposition.

In a step of the present ITM manufacturing method, the results of whichare shown in FIG. 2 , a fluid first curable composition (illustrated as36 in FIG. 9B) is provided and a layer 16 is formed therefrom on carriercontact surface 12, layer 16 constituting an incipient release layerhaving an outer ink-transfer surface 14.

The fluid first curable composition of layer 16 may include anelastomer, typically made of a silicone polymer, for example, apolydimethylsiloxane, such as a vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane.

In some embodiments, the fluid first curable material includes avinyl-functional silicone polymer, e.g., a vinyl-silicone polymerincluding at least one lateral vinyl group in addition to the terminalvinyl groups, for example, a vinyl-functional polydimethyl siloxane.

In some exemplary embodiments, the fluid first curable material includesa vinyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, a vinyl-functionalpolydimethylsiloxane including at least one lateral vinyl group on thepolysiloxane chain in addition to the terminal vinyl groups, acrosslinker, and an addition-cure catalyst, and optionally furtherincludes a cure retardant.

As is known in the art, the curable adhesive composition may include anysuitable amount of addition cure catalyst, typically at most 0.01% ofthe pre-polymer, on a per mole basis.

Exemplary formulations for the fluid first curable material are providedhereinbelow in the Examples.

Layer 16 of the fluid first curable composition is applied to carriercontact surface 12, and is subsequently cured. Layer 16 may be spread tothe desired thickness using, for example, a doctor blade (a knife on aroll), without allowing the doctor blade to contact the surface thatwill ultimately act as the ink-transfer surface 14 of the ITM, such thatimperfections in the doctor blade will not affect the quality of thefinished product. After curing, “release” layer 16 may have a thicknessof between about 2 micrometers and about 200 micrometers. An apparatusin which such step and method can be implemented is schematicallyillustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B.

For example, the above-detailed release layer formulation may beuniformly applied upon a PET carrier, leveled to a thickness of 5-200micrometers (μ), and cured for approximately 2-10 minutes at 120-130° C.Surprisingly, the hydrophobicity of the ink transfer surface of therelease layer so prepared, as assessed by its receding contact angle(RCA) with a 0.5-5 microliter (μl) droplet of distilled water, may bearound 60°, whereas the other side of the same release layer (whichserved to approximate the hydrophobicity of a layer conventionallyprepared with an air interface) may have an RCA that is significantlyhigher, typically around 90°. PET carriers used to produce ink-transfersurface 14 may typically display an RCA of around 40° or less. Allcontact angle measurements were performed with a Contact Angleanalyzer—Krüss™ “Easy Drop” FM40Mk2 and/or a Dataphysics OCA15 Pro(Particle and Surface Sciences Pty. Ltd., Gosford, NSW, Australia).

In a subsequent step of the method, the results of which are shown inFIG. 3 , an additional layer 18, referred to as a compliance layer, isapplied to layer 16, on the side opposite to ink-transfer surface 14.Compliance layer 18 is an elastomeric layer that allows layer 16 and itsoutermost surface 14 to follow closely the surface contour of asubstrate onto which an ink image is impressed. The attachment ofcompliance layer 18 to the side opposite to ink-transfer surface 14 mayinvolve the application of an adhesive or bonding composition inaddition to the material of compliance layer 18. Generally, compliancelayer 18 may typically have a thickness of between about 100 micrometersand about 300 micrometers or more.

While compliance layer 18 may have the same composition as that ofrelease layer 16, material and process economics may warrant the use ofless expensive materials. Moreover, compliance layer 18 typically isselected to have mechanical properties (e.g., greater resistance totension) that differ from release layer 16. Such desired differences inproperties may be achieved, by way of example, by utilizing a differentcomposition with respect to release layer 16, by varying the proportionsbetween the ingredients used to prepare the formulation of release layer16, and/or by the addition of further ingredients to such formulation,and/or by the selection of different curing conditions. For instance,the addition of filler particles may favorably increase the mechanicalstrength of compliance layer 18 relative to release layer 16.

In some embodiments, compliance layer 18 may include various rubbers.Preferably such rubbers are stable at temperatures of at least 100° C.,and may include rubbers such as alkyl acrylate copolymer rubbers (ACM),methyl vinyl silicone rubber (VMQ), ethylene propylene diene monomerrubber (EPDM), fluoroelastomer polymers, nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR),ethylene acrylic elastomer (EAM), and hydrogenated nitrile butadienerubber (HNBR).

As a non-limiting example, Silopren® LSR 2530 (Momentive PerformanceMaterials Inc., Waterford NY), a two-component liquid silicone rubber,in which the two components are mixed at a 1:1 ratio, was applied to thecured release layer 16 previously described. The silicone rubber mixturewas metered leveled with a knife blade to obtain an incipient compliancelayer 18 having a thickness of about 250 micrometers, which was thencured for approximately 5 minutes at 150-160° C.

In a subsequent step of the method, the results of which are shown inFIG. 4 , a reinforcement layer or support layer 20 is constructed oncompliance layer 18. Support layer 20 typically contains a fiberreinforcement, in the form of a web or a fabric, to provide supportlayer 20 with sufficient structural integrity to withstand stretchingwhen the ITM is held in tension in the printing system. Support layer 20is formed by coating the fiber reinforcement with a resin that issubsequently cured and remains flexible after curing.

Alternatively, support layer 20 may be separately formed as areinforcement layer, including such fibers embedded and/or impregnatedwithin the independently cured resin. In this case, support layer 20 maybe attached to compliance layer 18 via an adhesive layer, optionallyeliminating the need to cure the support layer 20 in situ. Generally,support layer 20, whether formed in situ on compliance layer 18 orseparately, may have a thickness of between about 100 micrometers andabout 500 micrometers, part of which is attributed to the thickness ofthe fibers or the fabric, which thickness generally varies between about50 micrometers and about 300 micrometers. However, the support layerthickness is not limiting. For heavy-duty applications, by way ofexample, the support layer may have a thickness of more than 200micrometers, more than 500 micrometers, or 1 mm or more.

For example, to the multi-layered ITM structure described herein,including a vinyl-functionalized release coating 16 and a two-componentsilicone rubber compliance layer 18, was applied a support layer 20including woven fabric of glass fibers. The glass fiber fabric, having athickness of about 100 micrometers, was a plain weave fabric having 16yarns/cm in perpendicular directions. The glass fiber fabric wasembedded into a curable fluid including a liquid silicone rubberSilopren® LSR 2530 corresponding to the compliance layer. Overall, theresulting support layer 20 had a thickness of about 200 micrometers andwas cured at 150° C. for approximately 2-5 minutes. Preferably, moredense weave fabrics (e.g., having 24×23 yarns/cm) may be used.

Following the in situ formation, or attachment, of support layer 20,additional layers may be built up on the reverse side thereof, asrequired. FIG. 5 shows an optional felt blanket 22 secured (e.g., by acured adhesive or resin) to the reverse side of support layer 20, andFIG. 6 shows a high friction layer 24 coated onto the reverse side ofblanket 22. As will be appreciated by persons skilled in the art,various relatively soft rubbers may serve for the preparation of a layerhaving high friction properties, silicone elastomers being but anexample of such rubbers. In the absence of an intervening layer such asblanket 22, high friction layer 24 may be attached directly to supportlayer 20.

As mentioned, all layers (e.g., 18, 20, 22, 24, or any interveningadhesive or priming layer and the like) added to the release layer ofthe ITM are the to jointly form the base of the structure, as shown withrespect to base 200 in FIG. 8C.

Before the ITM is used, it is necessary to remove carrier 10 to exposeink-transfer surface 14 of release layer 16, as illustrated in FIG. 7 .Typically, the finished product can simply be peeled away from carrier10.

If the carrier 10 is a flexible foil, it may be preferred to leave it inplace on the ITM until such time as the ITM is to be installed into aprinting system. The foil will act to protect the ink-transfer surface14 of the ITM during storage, transportation and installation.Additionally, carrier 10 can be replaced, following completion of themanufacturing process, by an alternative foil that is suitable as aprotective film.

FIGS. 9A to 9D schematically illustrate an apparatus 90 in which the ITMmay be manufactured. FIG. 9A provides a schematic overview of such anapparatus 90 having an unwinding roller 40 and a winding roller 42moving a flexible loop conveyor 100. Along the path followed by conveyor100 can be positioned a dispensing station 52, able to dispense curablefluid compositions suitable for the desired ITMs, a leveling station 54,able to control the thickness of the curable layer as it movesdownstream of the station, and a curing station 56, able to at leastpartially cure the layer enabling it to serve as incipient layer for asubsequent step, if any. The dispensing station 52, the leveling station54 and the curing station 56 constitute a layer forming station 50 a. Asillustrated by 50 b, apparatus 90 may optionally include more than onelayer forming station. Furthermore, a forming station 50 may includeadditional sub-stations, illustrated by a dispensing roller 58 instation 50 a.

In some embodiments, the need for loop conveyor 100 is obviated: carrier10 is directly tensioned between rollers 40 and 42. Unprocessed carrier10 is unwound from unwinding roller 40, and after passing throughstations 50 a and 50 b, is rewound onto winding roller 42.

Though not illustrated in the figure, the apparatus may further includeupstream of the dispensing station a “surface treatment” stationfacilitating the subsequent application of a curable composition, or itsattachment to the carrier contact surface or incipient layer as the casemay be. As mentioned in relation with the carrier, the optional surfacetreatment station (not shown) can be suitable for physical treatment(e.g., corona treatment, plasma treatment, ozonation, etc.).

FIG. 9B schematically illustrates how in a forming station 50 ofapparatus 90, a carrier 10 placed on conveyor 100 can be coated. Atdispensing station 52, the curable composition 36 of release layer 16 isapplied to carrier contact surface 12. As carrier 10 is driven in thedirection of the arrow, the curable composition 36 is leveled to adesired thickness at leveling station 54, for instance, by using adoctor blade. As the leveled layer proceeds downstream, it enters curingstation 56, configured so as to at least partially cure curablecomposition 36, enabling the formation of incipient layer 16 at the exitside of the curing station. Such exemplary steps have been described inconnection with FIGS. 1 and 2 .

FIGS. 9C and 9D schematically illustrate how additional layers (formingthe base) can be applied. In FIG. 9C, a curable composition 38 isdispensed at dispensing station 52 (which can be same or different thanthe station having served to coat the carrier with the release layer 16,as illustrated in FIG. 9B). Curable composition 38 is leveled to adesired thickness at leveling station 54, then enters curing station 56,and exits curing station 56 sufficiently cured to serve as incipientlayer 18 for a subsequent step, and so on. Such an exemplary step hasbeen described in connection with FIG. 3 . With reference now to FIG.9C, FIG. 9C schematically depicts a curable composition 39 being appliedat dispensing station 52. The backbone of a support layer (e.g., afabric) can be delivered by dispensing roller 58. The exemplary fabriccan be submerged into the curable composition at a station 60 prior totheir entry into curing station 56. In such a manner, a support layer 20can be formed at the exit side of the curing station.

FIGS. 8A and 8B schematically illustrate how defects would appear in asection of an outer layer 80 (e.g., a release layer) prepared accordingto the above-described method of the art. FIG. 8A illustrates differentphenomena relating to air bubbles, which may be entrapped in any curablecomposition if the curing occurs before such bubbles can be eliminated(e.g., by degassing). As can be seen in the figure, as tiny bubbles 82migrate towards the air interface, the orientation of layer 80 duringmanufacturing over a body 800, hence the direction of migration, beingindicated by an arrow, they can merge into larger bubbles. The bubbles,independently of their size, may either remain entrapped within the bulkof the layer or on its surface, the upper part of the bubbles envelopeforming protrusions 84. When bubbles adjacent to the surface burst whilethe curing of the layer is advanced, craters 86 may remain, even if thesegment of the envelope of the bubbles protruding from the surface hasdisappeared. These phenomena therefore typically provide a “gradient” ofair bubbles, the upper sections being generally either populated bylarger bubbles than the lower sections and/or having a higher density ofbubbles per cross section area or per volume, lower and higher beingrelative to the orientation of the layer during its manufacturing. Theimpact of bubbles-derived defects on the surface is self-evident, theheterogeneity of the surface typically negatively affecting anysubsequent interplay, for instance with an ink image. With time, suchITM being typically operated under tension and/or under pressure,craters may widen and merge to form more significant fissures. Thus,such phenomena may affect the structural integrity of the surface andany mechanical property such integrity would have conferred to the ITM.

FIG. 8B schematically illustrates different phenomena relating to solidcontaminants, such as dust. Though in the present illustration, the dustis represented as being in addition to air bubbles, this need not benecessarily the case, each such surface or layer defect able to occurindependently. As can be seen in the figure, solid contaminants mayremain upon the surface. If the settling of contaminants occurs afterthe outer layer 80 is cured, then such contaminants 92 may even beremoved by suitable cleaning of the outer surface. Still, such aphenomenon is undesirable, as it would require additional processing ofsuch an ITM before being able to use it. If such contaminations occurwhile the layer is still uncured, then the contaminants can be eitherentrapped on the surface of layer 80, (e.g., contaminant 94, whichappears to be “floating”), or can even be submerged within the releaselayer, (e.g., contaminant 96). As can be readily understood,larger/heavier contaminants may sink more deeply than smaller ones.

Unlike methods known in the art, the method disclosed herein includesforming a layer of a fluid first curable material with one side of thelayer contacting a carrier contact surface, the layer constituting anincipient release layer. The carrier contact surface functions toprotect the incipient release layer, giving the ink transfer layerdesired properties, while the carrier acts as a physically robustsupport structure onto which other layers are added to form the ITM,until the ITM is complete. As a result, many potential sources of defectare avoided. Moreover, the finish of the ink transfer surface isprimarily, if not exclusively, determined by the carrier contactsurface.

FIGS. 8C schematically illustrates a section through an outer layer 16(e.g., a release layer) prepared according to the present method. Forcomparison with previous drawings, the section is shown without acarrier and in the same orientation as FIGS. 8A and 8B, though themanufacturing is performed in inversed orientation as shown by thearrow. The base 200, which, as shall be detailed hereinafter, isattached to the first outer layer 16 after the layer is at leastpartially cured, is therefore not equivalent to body 800 already servingas support during the manufacturing process. For the sole sake ofillustration, layer 16 is represented as including an important numberof bubbles 82, but this need not be the case. However, if present, suchbubbles would display a distinct pattern than those previouslydescribed. First, as the now uppermost ink transfer surface 14 of layer16 was previously in contact with a carrier, no protrusions can beobserved, the release layer being therefore devoid of phenomena such aspreviously illustrated by surface protruding bubbles 84. Likewise,craters previously illustrated as cavities 86 are very unlikely, as theywould imply using an incompatible curable layer and carrier. Asaccording to the present method, the curable material due to form theouter layer is to suitably wet the carrier, it is believed thatsubstantially no air bubbles can be entrapped between the carrier andthe incipient layer formed thereon. Thus, if at all present, suchbubbles would be disposed in the bulk of the layer. However, as themanufacturing is performed in inverted orientation as compared toconventional methods, the gradient of bubbles would, for the samereason, be inverted. Thus, and as depicted in FIG. 8C, tiny bubbleswould be closer to the outer surface than larger bubbles, which would becloser to the base.

The inventive release layer structures of the present invention,produced from addition-cure formulations, may contain substantially nofunctional groups, or an insubstantial amount (e.g., an insubstantialamount of OH groups), covalently attached within the polymer matrix.Such functional groups may include moieties such as C═O, S═O, and OH, byway of example.

Because these release layer structures contain, at most, aninsubstantial amount of such functional groups, it would be expectedthat the release layers thereof would be highly hydrophobic. Theinventors have surprisingly found, however, that the release layersurfaces produced by the present method may actually be somewhathydrophilic, and appreciably more hydrophilic than corresponding releaselayers, i.e., release layers having the same composition, butmanufactured using the conventional curing technique in which therelease layer is exposed to air (“standard air curing”). Without wishingto be bound by theory, the inventors believe that the intimate contactbetween the carrier contact surface and the incipient release layersurface, the somewhat hydrophilic properties of the carrier contactsurface are induced in the release layer surface.

As discussed hereinabove, ITM release layers having low surface energiesmay facilitate transfer of the dried ink image to the printingsubstrate. However, during the ink reception stage, the aqueous inkdrops jetted onto such a low-energy, hydrophobic release layer tend tobead after the initial impact, thereby compromising image quality.Higher-energy, less hydrophobic release layers may mitigate this effect,but are detrimental to image transfer quality. The inventors have foundthat the release layer structures of the present invention typicallyhave release surfaces of characteristically moderated hydrophobicity, asmanifested by receding contact angles for distilled water of at most80°, or at most 70°, typically, at most 60°, or at most 50°, and moretypically, 30°-60°, 35°-60°, 30°-55°, 30°-50°, 30°-45°, or 35°-50°.Surprisingly, however, both the ink reception and the transfer of thedry, heated ink image may be of good quality. It must be emphasized thatyet lower values of the receding contact angle (and the dynamic contactangle discussed hereinbelow) may be achieved by employing carriersurfaces having higher hydrophilicity (lower contact angles with respectto drops of distilled water), and/or by corona (or similar) treatment.

Without wishing to be bound by theory, the inventors believe that theabove-described induced surface properties improve the interactionsbetween polar groups (e.g., O—Si—O) on the release layer surface andcorresponding polar moieties (e.g., OH groups in the water) in theaqueous liquids (e.g., aqueous inkjet inks) deposited thereon, therebycontributing to the reception of the jetted ink drops. Subsequently,after drying the ink and heating of the ink film to transfertemperatures, these interactions are weakened, enabling completetransfer of the dry or substantially dry ink image. Thus, theperformance of the inventive release layer structure—at both the inkreception stage and the ink film transfer stage—is appreciably betterthan would have been expected for a release layer having moderatehydrophobicity, but devoid of the special surface structure andproperties induced by the carrier contact surface.

EXAMPLES

Reference is now made to the following examples, which together with theabove descriptions, illustrate the invention in a non-limiting fashion.

List of Materials Used:

CAS Ingredient Supplier Number Description DMS-V35 Resin Gelest68083-19-2 Vinyl terminated polydimethyl siloxane Viscosity 5,000 mPa ·s MW ~49,500 Vinyl ~0.018-0.05 mmol/g VQM-146 Resin Gelest 68584-83-820-25% Vinyl resin in DMS V46 Viscosity 50,000-60,000 mPa · s Vinyl~0.18-0.23 mmol/g Inhibitor 600 Evonik 204-070-5 Mix ofdivinylpolydimethylsiloxane and Cure Retardant 2-methylbut-3-yn-2-o1Viscosity 900 mPa · s Vinyl 0.11 mmol/g SIP6831.2 Catalyst Gelest68478-92-2 Platinum divinyltetramethyldisiloxane Platinum 2.1-2.4%Polymer RV 5000 Evonik Vinyl-functional polydimethyl siloxanes (XPRV5000) Viscosity 3000 mPa · s Resin Vinyl 0.4 mmol/g Crosslinker 100Evonik Polydimethyl siloxanes including SiH Crosslinker groups in thepolymer chain Hydride 7.8 mmol/g HMS-301 Gelest 68037-59-2Poly(dimethylsiloxane-co-methyl- Crosslinker hydrosiloxane),trimethylsilyl terminated Hydride 4.2 mmol/g Silsurf A010-D-UP Siltech134180-76-0 polyether siloxane copolymer Additive SilGrip SR 545Momentive 56275-01-5 Silicone-based resin containing “MQ” Functional MQresin groups Viscosity 11 mPa · s Aluminized PET Hanita Ltd. NRAluminized polyester film Skyroll SH 92 SKC Inc. NR Anti-staticpolyester film Skyroll SH 76 SKC Inc. NR Untreated polyester film

The carriers used as substrates in the production of the release layersurface include (1) an anti-static polyester film (Examples 1-7); (2) anuntreated polyester film i.e., not anti-static (Example 11); and (3) analuminized polyester film (Example 10).

Example 1

The ITM release layer of Example 1 had the following composition(wt./wt.):

Name Parts DMS-V35 70 XPRV-5000 30 VQM-146 40 Inhibitor 600 5 SIP6831.20.1 Crosslinker 12 HMS-301The release layer was prepared substantially as described in the presentblanket preparation procedure, provided below.Blanket Preparation Procedure (for release layers cured against acarrier surface)

All components of the release layer formulation were thoroughly mixedtogether. The desired thickness of the incipient release layer wascoated on a PET sheet, using a rod/knife (other coating methods may alsobe used), followed by curing for 3 minutes at 150° C. Subsequently,Siloprene LSR 2530 was coated on top of the release layer, using aknife, to achieve a desired thickness. Curing was then performed at 150°C. for 3 minutes. An additional layer of Siloprene LSR 2530 was thencoated on top of the previous (cured) silicone layer, and fiberglassfabric was incorporated into this wet, fresh layer such that wetsilicone penetrated into the fabric structure. Curing was then performedat 150° C. for 3 minutes. A final layer of Siloprene LSR 2530 was thencoated onto the fiberglass fabric and, once again, curing was performedat 150° C. for 3 minutes. The integral blanket structure was then cooledto room temperature and the PET was removed.

Example 2

The ITM release layer of Example 2 has the following composition:

Component Name Parts DMS-V35 70 XPRV-5000 30 VQM-146 40 Inhibitor 600 5SIP6831.2 0.1 Crosslinker HMS-301 12 Silsurf A010-D-UP 5The blanket was prepared substantially as described in Example 1.

Example 3

The ITM release layer of Example 3 has the following composition:

Component Name Parts DMS-V35 70 XPRV-5000 30 VQM-146 40 Inhibitor 600 5SIP6831.2 0.1 Crosslinker 100 6.5 Silsurf A010-D-UP 5The blanket was prepared substantially as described in Example 1.

Example 4

The ITM release layer of Example 4 has the following composition:

Component Name Parts DMS-V35 100 VQM-146 40 Inhibitor 600 3 SIP6831.20.1 Crosslinker HMS-301 5The blanket was prepared substantially as described in Example 1.

Example 5

The ITM release layer of Example 5 was prepared from Silopren® LSR 2530(Momentive Performance Materials Inc., Waterford, N.Y.), a two-componentliquid silicone rubber, in which the two components are mixed at a 1:1ratio. The blanket was prepared substantially as described in Example 1.

Example 6

The ITM release layer of Example 6 has a composition that issubstantially identical to that of Example 4, but includes SR545(Momentive Performance Materials Inc., Waterford, N.Y.), a commerciallyavailable silicone-based resin containing polar groups. The polar groupsare of the “MQ” type, where “M” represents Me₃SiO and “Q” representsSiO₄. The full composition is provided below:

Component Name Parts DMS-V35 100 VQM-146 40 SR545 5 Inhibitor 600 3SIP6831.2 0.1 Crosslinker HMS-301 5

The blanket was prepared substantially as described in Example 1.

Example 7

The ITM release layer of Example 7 has a composition that issubstantially identical to that of Example 6, but includes polymer RV5000, which includes vinyl-functional polydimethyl siloxanes having ahigh density of vinyl groups, as described hereinabove. The fullcomposition is provided below:

Component Name Parts DMS-V35 70 RV 5000 30 VQM-146 40 Inhibitor 600 5SIP6831.2 0.1 Crosslinker HMS-301 12 SR545 5The blanket was prepared substantially as described in Example 1.

Comparative Examples 1A-1F

ITM release layers were prepared as “corresponding release layers” or“reference release layers” to the compositions of Examples 1-6, suchthat the corresponding release layers (designated Comparative Examples1A-1F) had the identical compositions as Examples 1-6, respectively.However, during the curing of the release layer, the release layersurface (or “ink reception surface”) was exposed to air (“standard aircuring”), according to a conventional preparation procedure, providedbelow.

Comparative Blanket Preparation Procedure (for release layers exposed toair during curing)

A first layer of Siloprene LSR 2530 was coated on a PET sheet, using arod/knife, followed by curing for 3 min at 150° C., to achieve thedesired thickness. An additional layer of Siloprene LSR 2530 was thencoated on top of the previous (cured) silicone layer, and fiberglassfabric was incorporated into this wet, fresh layer such that wetsilicone penetrated into the fabric structure. Siloprene LSR 2530 wasthen coated on top of the fiberglass fabric, and curing ensued at 150°C. for 3 minutes. Prior to forming the incipient release layer, allcomponents of the release layer formulation were thoroughly mixedtogether. The release layer was coated on top of cured Siloprene LSR2530 to achieve the desired thickness, and was subsequently cured at150° C. for 3 minutes, while the release layer surface was exposed toair.

Example 8

Contact angles of drops of distilled water on release layer surfaceswere measured using a dedicated Dataphysics OCA15 Pro contact anglemeasuring device (Particle and Surface Sciences Pty. Ltd., Gosford, NSW,Australia). The procedure used for performing the Receding Contact Angle(RCA) and Advancing Contact Angle (ACA) measurements is a conventionaltechnique elaborated by Dr. Roger P. Woodward (“Contact AngleMeasurements Using the Drop Shape Method”, inter alia,www.firsttenangstroms.com/pdfdocs/CAPaper.pdf).

The results for Examples 1-6 are provided below, along with the resultsfor the release layers produced according to Comparative Examples 1A-1F.

In virtually all cases, the release surfaces produced against thecarrier surfaces exhibited lower Receding Contact Angles than theidentical formulation, cured in air. More typically, the releasesurfaces produced against the carrier surfaces exhibited RecedingContact Angles that were lower by at least 5°, at least 7°, at least10°, at least 12°, or at least 15°, or were lower within a range of5°-30°, 7°-30°, 10°-30°, 5°-25°, 5°-22°, 7°-25°, or 10°-25°.

Example 9

The release surfaces produced in Examples 1-6 and the respective releasesurfaces produced in Comparative Examples 1A-1F were aged at 160° C. for2 hours, to simulate the aging of the release layer under extendedoperating conditions. Receding Contact Angles were measured, and theresults are provided below:

Release Surface vs. Release Surface vs. PET Air RCA RCA Comparative RCARCA Release before after release before after formulation aging agingformulation aging aging Example 1 75° 80° Comparative 95° 95° Example 1AExample 2 45° 60° Comparative 65° 65° Example 1B Example 3 40° 50°Comparative 63° 65° Example 1C Example 4 65° 62° Comparative 79° 75°Example 1D Example 5 70° 74° Comparative 80° 80° Example 1E Example 656° 70° Comparative 74° 70° Example 1F

With regard to the comparative examples, it is evident that the recedingcontact angle is substantially maintained after performing the agingprocess. With regard to inventive Examples 1-6, however, it is evidentthat the receding contact angle increases, typically by 4°-15°, afterperforming the aging process. Without wishing to be bound by theory, theinventors believe that the increase in contact angle in the inventiverelease layer structures may be attributed to a loss in hydrophilicbehavior (or increased hydrophobic behavior) due to some change in theposition of the polar groups (e.g., Si—O—Si) at the release layersurface.

Example 10

A blanket including a release layer of the composition of Example 2 wasprepared substantially as described in Example 1, but against analuminized PET carrier surface.

Example 11

A release layer having the release layer composition of Example 2 wasprepared substantially as described in Example 1, but against acommercially available PET carrier surface that was not subjected to ananti-static pre-treatment.

Example 12

The release layers produced in Examples 2, 10, and 11, in accordancewith the present invention, were subjected to contact anglemeasurements, to determine both the advancing contact angle and thereceding contact angle. The results are provided below:

Release formulation Carrier film RCA vs. Carrier Example 10 AluminizedPET 62° Example 11 PET without 62° anti-static treatment Example 2 PETwith anti- 45° static treat- ment

Examples 10 and 11 exhibited receding contact angles that were about 30°less than the receding contact angle of the same composition cured withthe release layer exposed to air. The release layer surface of Example2, prepared against an anti-static PET carrier surface, displayed areceding contact angles that was about 50° less than the recedingcontact angle of the same composition prepared while exposed to air.

Example 13

The carrier surfaces utilized in Examples 2, 10, and 11 were subjectedto contact angle measurements, to determine both the advancing contactangle and the receding contact angle. The results are provided below:

CA of carrier Carrier film ACA RCA Aluminized PET 80° 40° PET withoutantistatic 70° 40° treatment PET with antistatic 40° 20° treatmentIt may be seen from the receding contact angles obtained that the threecarrier surfaces exhibit hydrophilic behavior, and that the PETsubjected to anti-static treatment exhibits the greatest degree ofhydrophilic behavior (20° RCA vs. 40° RCA).

Significantly, the hydrophilic behavior of the carrier surfaces has beenat least partially induced in the respective release surfaces: theformulation cured while exposed to air has an RCA of 65°; the sameformulation, prepared against an antistatic PET surface, has an RCA of45°; the anti-static PET carrier used displays an RCA of 20°. Thus, theinventive release layer structure has a release surface whosehydrophilicity/hydrophobicity properties lie in between the propertiesof the same formulation, cured in air, and the carrier surface itself.

Example 14

Release layer surface energies were calculated for ink receptionsurfaces of the following Examples: Example 1A, cured under exposure toair; Example 1, cured against an anti-static PET surface; and Example 1,cured against an anti-static PET surface and then subjected to thestandard aging procedure at 160° C., for 2 hours. The three Exampleshave the identical chemical formulation.

For each of these examples, the total surface energy was calculatedusing the classic “harmonic mean” method (also known as the Owens-WendtSurface Energy Model, see, by way of example, KRUSS Technical NoteTN306e). The results are provided below:

Total Surface Energy Release formulation J/m² Example 1A—Air Cured 20.9Example 1—Aged 22.6 Example 1 26.1

In Example 1A, cured under exposure to air, the release layer surface isextremely hydrophobic, and the total surface energy of the surface islow, 20.9 J/m2, as expected. This is fairly close to the literaturevalue for surface energy, for polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS).Significantly, Example 1, which was cured against an anti-static PETsurface, exhibited a total surface energy of about 26 J/m2, which ismoderately less hydrophobic than the “air-cured” sample. After thisformulation was subjected to the standard aging procedure, the totalsurface energy decreased from about 26 J/m2 to under 26 J/m2. Thisresult would appear to corroborate the RCA results obtained for thevarious aged and un-aged materials of this exemplary formulation.

Example 15

Release layer surface energies were calculated for ink receptionsurfaces of the following Examples: Example 2A, cured under exposure toair; Example 2, cured against an anti-static PET surface; and Example 2,cured against an anti-static PET surface and then subjected to thestandard aging procedure at 160° C., for 2 hours. The three Exampleshave the identical chemical formulation.

As in Example 14, the total surface energy was calculated using theclassic “harmonic mean” method. The results are provided below:

Total Surface Energy Release formulation (J/m²) Example 2A—Air Cured34.6 Example 2—Aged 39.9 Example 2 49.1

In Example 2A, cured under exposure to air, the release layer surface isless hydrophobic than the release layer of Example 1A, the total surfaceenergy of the surface being about 35 J/m2. Example 2, cured against ananti-static PET surface, exhibited a total surface energy of about 49J/m2, which is significantly less hydrophobic than the “air-cured”sample. After this formulation was subjected to the standard agingprocedure, the total surface energy decreased from about 49 J/m2 toabout 40 J/m2. This result would appear to corroborate the RCA resultsobtained for the various aged and un-aged materials of this exemplaryformulation.

Example 16

The temperature on the blanket surface is maintained at 75° C. The image(typically a color gradient of 10-100%) is printed at a speed of 1.7m/sec on the blanket, at a resolution of 1200 dpi. An uncoated paper (A4Xerox Premium Copier Paper, 80 gsm) is set between the pressure rollerand the blanket and the roller is pressed onto blanket, while thepressure is set to 3 bar. The roller moves on the paper, applyingpressure on the contact line between blanket and paper and promoting thetransfer process. In some cases, incomplete transfer may be observed,with an ink residue remaining on the blanket surface. In order toevaluate the extent of that ink residue, glossy paper (A4 Burgo glossypaper 130 gsm) is applied on the blanket similarly to the uncoated paperand the transfer process is again performed. Any ink that remained onblanket and was not transferred to the uncoated paper will betransferred to the glossy paper. Thus, the glossy paper may be evaluatedfor ink residue, according to the following scale (% of image surfacearea):

-   -   A—no visible residue    -   B—1-5% visible residue    -   C—more than 5% visible residue        Results of the evaluation are provided below:

Release formulation Transfer grade Example 4 B Example 1 B Example 2 AExample 3 A Example 6 C

Example 17

Example 16 was repeated for the release surfaces of Examples 2 and 3,but at a printing speed of 3.4 m/sec on the blanket. Both releasesurfaces retained a transfer grade of A.

Example 18

The ITM release layer compositions of Examples 2 and 3 were curedagainst a PET substrate according to the procedure provided inExample 1. The ITM release layer compositions of Examples 2 and 3 werecured against air, according to the procedure provided in ComparativeExamples 1B and 1C. The samples were then subjected to dynamic contactangle (DCA) measurements at 10 seconds and subsequently at 70 seconds,according to the following procedure:

The drop is placed onto a smooth PTFE, film surface with as little dropfalling as possible, so that kinetic energy does not spread the drop. Apendant drop is then formed. Subsequently, the specimen is raised untilit touches the bottom of the drop. If the drop is large enough, theadhesion to the surface will pull it off the tip of the needle. Theneedle tip is positioned above the surface at such a height that thegrowing pendant drop will touch the surface and detach before it fallsfree due to its own weight.

The dynamic contact angle is then measured at 10 seconds and at 70seconds. The results are provided below:

Dynamic contact angle Cured against PET Cured against Air Example after10 sec after 70 sec after 10 sec after 70 sec Ex 2 105° 97° 114° 103° Ex3  87° 70° 113°  94°

It is observed that the initial measurement of the dynamic contactangle, at 10 seconds, provides a strong indication of the hydrophilicityof the release layer surface. The subsequent measurement at 70 secondsprovides an indication of the extent to which any liquid (such as apolyether glycol functionalized polydimethyl siloxane) disposed withinthe release layer has been incorporated into the drop. Suchincorporation may further reduce the measured DCA.

Thus, the samples cured against PET exhibit substantially lower (morehydrophilic) initial DCA measurements (105°, 87°) relative to thehydrophilic initial DCA measurements (114°, 113°) of the respectivesamples cured against air. In addition to displayed hydrophilicity, thesamples cured against PET exhibited a drop in DCA of 8 to 17° betweenthe first and second measurements.

FIGS. 10A-10C provide images of various ink patterns printed onto arelease layer of an ITM of the present invention, in which the releaselayer of Example 2 was cured against the PET carrier surface. FIGS.11A-11C are images of the same ink patterns printed onto a release layerof Example 2, but in which the release layer was cured against air.Comparing between FIGS. 10A and 11A, it is manifest that the releaselayer of the inventive ITM exhibits a higher optical density, and moreaccurately reflects the ink image pattern. A comparison between FIGS.10C and 11C yields the identical conclusion. Comparing now between FIGS.10B and 11B, it is evident that each ink dot in FIG. 10B is appreciablylarger than the respective ink dots in FIG. 11B.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims section thatfollows, the term “receding contact angle” or “RCA”, refers to areceding contact angle as measured using a Dataphysics OCA15 Pro ContactAngle measuring device, or a comparable Video-Based Optical ContactAngle Measuring System, using the above-described Drop Shape Method, atambient temperatures. The analogous “advancing contact angle”, or “ACA”,refers to an advancing contact angle measured substantially in the samefashion.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims section thatfollows, the term “dynamic contact angle” or “DCA”, refers to a dynamiccontact angle as measured using a Dataphysics OCA15 Pro Contact Anglemeasuring device, or a comparable Video-Based Optical Contact AngleMeasuring System, using the method elaborated by Dr. Roger P. Woodwardin the above-referenced “Contact Angle Measurements Using the Drop ShapeMethod”, at ambient temperatures, and as elaborated hereinabove inExample 17.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims section thatfollows, the term “standard aging procedure” refers to an acceleratedaging protocol performed on each tested release layer at 160° C., for 2hours, in a standard convection oven.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims section thatfollows, the term “standard air curing” refers to a conventional curingprocess for curing the release layer, described with respect toComparative Examples 1A-1F, in which, during the curing of the releaselayer, the release layer surface (or “ink reception surface”) is exposedto air.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims section thatfollows, the term “bulk hydrophobicity” is characterized by a recedingcontact angle of a droplet of distilled water disposed on an innersurface of the release layer, the inner surface formed by exposing anarea of the cured silicone material within the release layer.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims section thatfollows, the terms “hydrophobicity” and “hydrophilicity” and the like,may be used in a relative sense, and not necessarily in an absolutesense.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims section thatfollows, the term “functional group” refers to a group or moietyattached to the polymer structure of the release layer, and having ahigher polarity than the O—Si—O group of conventional addition-curedsilicones. Various examples are provided herein. The inventors observethat pure addition cure polydimethyl siloxane polymer contains O—Si—O,SiO₄, Si—CH₃ and C—C groups, and that most other functional groups willhave a higher dipole, such that they may be considered “functional”. Itwill be appreciated by those of skill in the art that such functionalgroups, may have a tendency or strong tendency to react with componentstypically present in aqueous inks utilized in indirect inkjet printing,at process temperatures of up to 120° C.

As used herein in the specification and in the claims section thatfollows, the term “%” refers to percent by weight, unless specificallyindicated otherwise.

Similarly, the term “ratio”, as used herein in the specification and inthe claims section that follows, refers to a weight ratio, unlessspecifically indicated otherwise.

It will be appreciated that certain features of the invention, whichare, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, mayalso be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely,various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described inthe context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately orin any suitable subcombination or as suitable in any other describedembodiment of the invention. Certain features described in the contextof various embodiments are not to be considered essential features ofthose embodiments, unless the embodiment is inoperative without thoseelements.

Although the present invention has been described with respect tovarious specific embodiments presented thereof for the sake ofillustration only, such specifically disclosed embodiments should not beconsidered limiting. Many other alternatives, modifications andvariations of such embodiments will occur to those skilled in the artbased upon Applicant's disclosure herein. Accordingly, it is intended toembrace all such alternatives, modifications and variations and to bebound only by the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in theappended claims and any deviations falling within their range ofequivalency.

To the extent necessary to understand or complete the disclosure of thepresent invention, all publications, patents, and patent applicationsmentioned in this specification, including WO 2013/132418, are expresslyincorporated in their entirety by reference into the specification, tothe same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patentapplication was specifically and individually indicated to beincorporated herein by reference.

Citation or identification of any reference in this application shallnot be construed as an admission that such reference is available asprior art to the invention.

Certain marks referenced herein may be common law or registeredtrademarks of third parties. Use of these marks is by way of example andshall not be construed as descriptive or limit the scope of thisinvention to material associated only with such marks.

1. An indirect printing system comprising: (a) an intermediate transfermember (ITM) having a release layer having an ink reception surface; (b)a plurality of printing heads configured to applu an ink image to theink reception surface of the ITM, wherein: I. the release layer isformed of a silicone material; II. the ink reception surface of therelease layer is adapted to satisfy at least one of the followingstructural properties: (i) a receding contact angle of a droplet ofdistilled water on said ink reception surface is at most 60°; and (ii)for a droplet of distilled water deposited on said ink receptionsurface, a 10 second dynamic contact angle (DCA) is at most 108°; andIII. the release layer has at least one of the following structuralproperties: (1) said silicone material consisting essentially of asilicone, or containing, by weight, at least 95% of said silicone; and(2) functional groups make up at most 5%, by weight, of said siliconematerial.
 2. The indirect printing system of claim 1, wherein saidreceding contact angle is at most 58°, at most 56°, at most 54°, at most52°, at most 50°, at most 48°, at most 46°, at most 44°, at most 42°, atmost 40°, at most 38°, or at most 37°.
 3. The indirect printing systemof claim 1, wherein said functional groups make up at most 3%, at most2%, at most 1%, at most 0.5%, at most 0.2%, or at most 0.1%, by weight,of said silicone material, or wherein said silicone material issubstantially devoid of said functional groups.
 4. The indirect printingsystem of claim 1, wherein a polyether glycol functionalizedpolydimethyl siloxane is impregnated in said silicone material. 5-8.(canceled)
 9. The indirect printing system of claim 1, wherein a totalsurface energy of the ink reception surface is at least 2 J/m², at least3 J/m², at least 4 J/m², at least 5 J/m², at least 6 J/m2, at least 8J/m², or at least 10 J/m² higher than a total surface energy of amodified ink reception surface produced by subjecting an ink receptionsurface of a corresponding release layer to 160° C. for 2 hours.
 10. Theindirect printing system of claim 1, wherein the silicone material is acured silicone material, and wherein a total surface energy of the inkreception surface is at least 4 J/m², at least 6 J/m², at least 8 J/m²,at least 10 J/m², at least 12 J/m², at least 14 J/m², or at least 16J/m² more than a total surface energy of a hydrophobic ink receptionsurface of a corresponding release layer prepared by air exposure curingof a silicone precursor of the cured silicone material.
 11. The indirectprinting system of claim 1, wherein the silicon material is a siliconecured material, and wherein a receding contact angle of a droplet ofdistilled water on the ink reception surface is at least 7°, at least8°, at least 10°, at least 12°, at least 15°, at least 18°, or at least20° lower than a receding contact angle of a droplet of distilled wateron an ink reception surface of a corresponding release layer prepared byair exposure curing of a silicone precursor of the cured siliconematerial. 12-15. (canceled)
 16. The indirect printing system of claim 1,wherein; (i) the release layer of the ITM further has a second surfaceopposing the ink reception surface, (ii) the release layer is adaptedsuch that polar groups of the ink reception surface have an orientationaway from or opposite from the second surface.
 17. The indirect printingsystem of claim 1, wherein the release layer is adapted such that whenthe ITM is in an operative mode, with said ink reception surface exposedto an ambient environment, said polar groups of the ink receptionsurface have an orientation towards or facing said ambient environment.18-30. (canceled)
 31. The indirect printing system of claim 1,configured to transfer the ink image from the ink reception surface ofthe ITM to substrate.
 32. The indirect printing system of claim 1wherein the silicone material from which the release layer is formed isa cured silicone material and wherein at least one of the following istrue: (1) said cured silicone material consisting essentially of curedsilicone, or containing, by weight, at least 95% of said addition-curedsilicone; (2) functional groups make up at most 5%, by weight, of saidcured silicone material.
 33. The indirect printing system of claim 1wherein the silicone material from which the release layer is formed isan addition-cured silicone material and wherein at least one of thefollowing is true: (1) said addition-cured silicone material consistingessentially of an addition-cured silicone, or containing, by weight, atleast 95% of said addition-cured silicone; (2) functional groups make upat most 5%, by weight, of said addition-cured silicone material.
 34. Anindirect printing system comprising: (a) an intermediate transfer member(ITM) having a release layer having an ink reception surface, the ITMmounted on a drum or mounted over a plurality of rollers as a belt-likestructure; and (b) a printing station configured to form an ink image,from ink droplets, on the ink reception surface of the ITM, wherein: I.the release layer is formed of a silicone material; II. the inkreception surface of the release layer is adapted to satisfy at leastone of the following structural properties: (i) a receding contact angleof a droplet of distilled water on said ink reception surface is at most60°; and (ii) for a droplet of distilled water deposited on said inkreception surface, a 10 second dynamic contact angle (DCA) is at most108°; and III. the release layer has at least one of the followingstructural properties: (1) said silicone material consisting essentiallyof a silicone, or containing, by weight, at least 95% of said silicone;and (2) functional groups make up at most 5%, by weight, of saidsilicone material.
 35. The printing system of claim 34 wherein the ITMis mounted over a plurality of rollers as a belt-like structure.
 36. Amounted-ITM system for use in indirect printing, the mounted-ITMcomprising: (a) an intermediate transfer member (ITM) having a releaselayer having an ink reception surface; and (b) a support structureselected from the group consisting of: (i) a drum and (ii) a pluralityof rollers, said ITM being mounted over the support structure, wherein:I. the release layer is formed of a silicone material; II. the inkreception surface of the release layer is adapted to satisfy at leastone of the following structural properties: (i) a receding contact angleof a droplet of distilled water on said ink reception surface is at most60°; and (ii) for a droplet of distilled water deposited on said inkreception surface, a 10 second dynamic contact angle (DCA) is at most108°; and III. the release layer has at least one of the followingstructural properties: (1) said silicone material consisting essentiallyof a silicone, or containing, by weight, at least 95% of said silicone;and (2) functional groups make up at most 5%, by weight, of saidsilicone material.
 37. The mounted-ITM system of claim 36 wherein theITM is mounted over a plurality of rollers as a belt-like structure. 38.The mounted-ITM printing system of claim 36 wherein the siliconematerial from which the release layer is formed is a cured siliconematerial and wherein at least one of the following is true: (1) saidcured silicone material consisting essentially of cured silicone, orcontaining, by weight, at least 95% of said addition-cured silicone; (2)functional groups make up at most 5%, by weight, of said cured siliconematerial.
 39. The mounted-ITM system of claim 36 wherein the siliconematerial from which the release layer is formed is an addition-curedsilicone material and wherein at least one of the following is true: (1)said addition-cured silicone material consisting essentially of anaddition-cured silicone, or containing, by weight, at least 95% of saidaddition-cured silicone; (2) functional groups make up at most 5%, byweight, of said addition-cured silicone material.
 40. The mounted-ITMsystem of claim 36, wherein; (i) the release layer of the ITM furtherhas a second surface opposing the ink reception surface, (ii) therelease layer is adapted such that polar groups of the ink receptionsurface have an orientation away from or opposite from the secondsurface.
 41. The mounted-ITM system of claim 36, wherein the releaselayer is adapted such that when the ITM is in an operative mode, withsaid ink reception surface exposed to an ambient environment, said polargroups of the ink reception surface have an orientation towards orfacing said ambient environment.